They were the post Sangam rulers (300 AD to end of 600 AD)
Sangam age ended in mid 300 AD
Buddhism and Jainism spread in North India
Social ethics declined
DARK AGE
Post Sangam Literature:
- Silapathikaram
- Manimegalai
- Pathinenkilkanakku
- Thirukkural
- Inna narpathu
- Iniyavai narpathu
- Naaladiyaar
Literary Sources:
- Tamil Navalar Charithirai
- Yapperungalam
- Periyapuranam
Other Sources:
- Copper plates from Velvikudi and Thalavaipuram
- Inscription at Thirupugalur and Vaikunta Perumal temple, Kanchipuram
Origin:'
- No clear source available
- Popular belief: Subordinates of Gangas and Kadambas of Karnataka region
Rule:
- Yaperunkalam refers to king Achutha Kalapalan
- Seemed to have ruled uraiyur
- Buddhist scholar Buddhadatta lived in his kingdom
- Imprisoned chera, chola and pandya kings
By end of 6th century, Pandya king Kadungon liberated country from Kalabharas
Pallava king Simhavishnu captured Thondaimandalam and cholamandalam from kalabharas
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