Indian Independence Movement - Timeline Chart (10th standard History)

1885- Birth of Indian National congress
1905- Partition of Bengal, Swadeshi movement
1906- Birth of Muslim League
1907- Surat split
1909- Minto - Morley Reforms
1911- Cancellation of Bengal Partition
1914- Outbreak of first world war
1916- Home rule movement, Lucknow pact
1917- August Declaration
1918- End of first world war
1919- Montage - chemsford Reforms, Rowlatt Act, Jalian walabagh Massacre
1920- Non Co-operation Movement
1922- chauri Chaura Incident,Suspension of Non cooperation movement
1927- Formation of Simon commission
1928- Arrival of Simon Commission
1929- Lahore Congress
1930- Salt Satyagraha, First Round Table conference
1931- Gandhi Irwin pact, Second Round table Conference
1932- Communal Award, Poona pact, Third Round Table conference
1935- Government of India Act
1939- Beginning of Second world war
1940- Demand for Pakistan, August Offer
1942- Arrival of Cripps' Mission, Quit India Movement
1946- Arrival of Cabinet Mission
1947- Lord Mount Batten plan, India Independence Act

I'm reading: Indian Independence Movement - Timeline Chart (10th standard History)

History - 6th standard - Kalabhras

They were the post Sangam rulers (300 AD to end of 600 AD)

Sangam age ended in mid 300 AD

Buddhism and Jainism spread in North India

Social ethics declined

DARK AGE

Post Sangam Literature:

• Silapathikaram
• Manimegalai
• Pathinenkilkanakku
• Thirukkural
• Inna narpathu
• Iniyavai narpathu
• Naaladiyaar

I'm reading: History - 6th standard - Kalabhras

History - 6th standard - Kalabhras

They were the post Sangam rulers (300 AD to end of 600 AD)

Sangam age ended in mid 300 AD

Buddhism and Jainism spread in North India

Social ethics declined

DARK AGE

Post Sangam Literature:

• Silapathikaram
• Manimegalai
• Pathinenkilkanakku
• Thirukkural
• Inna narpathu
• Iniyavai narpathu
• Naaladiyaar

I'm reading: History - 6th standard - Kalabhras

History–6th Standard Greeks and Romans

Sangam literature refers Greeks and Romans as Yavanas

Greek & Roman writers referring to trade with South India in 100-200 AD:

• Pliny
• Ptolemy
• Plutarch
• Author of Periplus

Archeological Sources:

Arikamedu (near Pondicherry) excavations – Greek and Roman trade evidence

• Greeks refer Arikamedu as PODUKE
• Roman factory at Arikamedu – Coins, Porcelain jugs, tubs for dying clothes
• Roman coins and Pottery 

I'm reading: History–6th Standard Greeks and Romans

Pandiya Kingdom

Kings also called Maran, Valudhi, Chezhian

Kingdom:

• Capital: Madurai
• Port : Korkai
• Flag: Fish
• present madurai, tirunelveli, ramanathapuram districts

Important Kings:

• Mudhukudumi peruvaludhi – title: Palyagasalai
• Boothapandian – wife Perungoppendu – poetess
• Ariyappadaikadantha nedunchezhian – king referred in silapathigaram
• Thalaiyalanganathu Nedunchezhian – patronized poet Mangudi Maruthanar

Local Chieftains : Velirs

• Kadaiyelu vallalgal – Pari, Ori, Malayan, Elini, Pegan, Aay, Nalli
• Patronized poets: Kapilar, Avvaiyar (Adhiyaman), Nallathanar, Perunchitiranaar

Administration :

• MONARCH
• King: Vendan, Ko, Irai
• Chieftains – Velirs
• 2 councils:
  • Iymperunkuzhu (council of 5)
  • Enperayam (council of 8)

Army:

• Infantry, Cavalry, elephants, chariots
• Swords, spears, bow & arroes
• Fort protected by moats & trenches

Local Administration:

• Mandram
• Naadu
• Valanadu
• Kuttram
• Council of elders for village administration
  • podiyil
  • Manram
  • Avai
  • Ambalam

I'm reading: Pandiya Kingdom

Chola Kingdom

King referred as Killi, Valavan, Senni

Area of rule also referred as

• Chonaadu
• Kaverinaadu
• Kaaverisoozhnaadu
• Neernaadu
• Punal naadu

Kingdom:

• Capital: Uraiyur
• 2nd Capital : Kaveripoompattina, or puhar
• Chief port: Kaveripoompattinam or puhar
• Flag: Tiger
• Present Tanjore and Trichy districts

Most famous:

Karikaalan (kirumi konda cholan)

• Has defeated chera and pandya kings at Venni
• Built Kallanai
• Fortified kaveripoompattinam

Literary Sources:

• Porunar aatru padai
• Pattinappalai

Successors:

• Nalamkilli
• Killivalavan
• Koperunchozhan
• kochengan – Last chola king

I'm reading: Chola Kingdom

5 Landscapes - Iyinthinai

Landscapes :

Thinais: 5

KURINJI: Hilly region

• people: Vettuvar, Kuravar
• occup: Hunting, Honey collection, Cultivating fruits n veg
• God: Murugan or Seyon

MULLAI: Forest with green pastures

• people: Kovalar, Aayar
• occup: Shepards, domesticating animals, dairy products
• God: Thirumaal or Mayon

MARUTHAM:Fertile cultivable land

• people: Vellalars
• occup: Agriculture with irrigation: Paddy, sugarcane, mango, banana, jackfruit
• God: Indra or Rain God

NEITHAL: Coastal region

• people: Parathavar, meenavar
• occup: fishing, sailing, salt prep (Umanars)
• God: Varunan or God of Sea

PAALAI: Desert – Drought affected area

• people: Kalvar, Maravar
• occup: Robbery
• God: Kaali or Kottravai

I'm reading: 5 Landscapes - Iyinthinai

Cheran Kingdom

Also called as Vanavar, Villavar, Malaiyar

2 important line:

• Odiyan Cheralathan
• Irumporai

Kingdom

• Capital : Vanji
• Port: Thondi
• Flag: Bow & Arrow

Literary Sources:

• Pathitrupatthu: Cheran Senguttuvan, Cheralathan, Peruncheral irumporai, Kanaikkal irumporai
• Ahanaanooru : Cheran Senguttuvan
• Silapathigaram – by Sengutuvan’s brother Ilangoadigal

I'm reading: Cheran Kingdom

Sangam Age - Introduction

Age of muvendar – Cheran, Cholan, Pandiyan

Historical Sources:

• Literary Source
• Archaeological Source
• Foreign Accounts

Literary source:

• Tolkappiyam – earliest of all tamil literature
• Ettuthogai
• Pathuppaatu
• Pathinenkilkanaku
  
• Silapathikaram          Post Sangam Literature
  
• Manimegalai

Archaeological Sources:

• EPIGRAPHY

  Source	What it Shows
  Asokan Edicts	Chera, Chola, Pandiya kindom
  Hathikumba Inscription of Kalinga king Karuvela	3 tamil kingdom
  Kazhugumalai Inscription	Tamil Script Brahmi
  Thirukovilur Inscription	Local chieftains and tragic end of kapilar
  Tiruparangundram inscription	Gift of cavebeds to Jain monks
  Arnattar hills inscription	First Century A.D Cheran Kings

• EXCAVATION

  Robert Brute @ Adhichanallur	Iron, bronze, gold articles
  Dubereuil & Martimer Wheeler @ Arikkamedu (near pondy)	Roman pottery, Glass bowls. gems and coins
  Kilayur near kaveripumpattinam	Buddhist vihara – post sangam period

• COINS – Study of coins: “NUMISMATIC”
  Roman coins made of gold and sever in the country,

Foreign Accounts:

• Megasthenes – Book Indica – refers tp 3 tamil kingdom
• Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy – sangam age
• Ceylonese books : Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa – to fix date of sangam age.

I'm reading: Sangam Age - Introduction

Pre-historic Age – With reference to Tamil Nadu

• Old Stone Age
  
• New Stone Age
  
• Metal Age
  
• Megalithic Age
  

Old Stone Age:

• Lasted up to 10000 B.C
  
• Quartz(hard rock) for hunting animals
  
• ROBERT BRUTE FORCE discovered at Pallavaram, then at Kancheepuram dist, vellore, Thiruvallur
  
• Simple hand axe – found at Koratalayar, Chennai & Vada madurai
  
• Life style
  
  • Nomadic – cave dwelling
    
  • Food gatherers
    
  • NO cultivation, NO pottery, NO dress
    
  • Fire – YES – to scare animals and roast flesh
    
  • Paintings of hunting
    
  • NO God
    

New Stone Age:

• Trap rock – polished & sharpened rock
  
• Lifestyle
  
  • Sheltered living – clay huts, thatched house
    
  • Agriculture – rice, millets – FOOD PRODUCERS
    
  • DISCOVERED WHEEL – pottery – Tirunelveli, Salem, pudukkotai, trichy (Burial urns, water pots, vessels)
    
  • Weaving – cotton clothes, dyed clothes
    
  • Worshipped the dead – Burial urns found with food
    

Metal Age:

• COPPER – first known
  
• North India – Copper age, South India – Iron Age
  
• Agriculture improved, paddy cultivated with irrigation
  

Megalithic Age:

• Megalith means Burial monuments – Circular Tombs - dead body in black & red pot along with tools
  
• Dist of kanchipuram, vellore, tiruvannamalai, cuddalore, trichy, pudukottai
  
• Urn burial without circular tomb  - Adhichanallur, Tirunelveli – Bronze and iron tools in tomb
  
• Vel, Alagu and Trident found – indicative of LORD MURUGA worship

I'm reading: Pre-historic Age – With reference to Tamil Nadu